↑ Lynn, Richard (2001). Eugenics: a reassessment. New York: Praeger. tr. 18. ISBN0-275-95822-1. By the middle decades of the twentieth century, eugenics had become widely accepted throughout the whole of the economically developed world, with the exception of the Soviet Union.
↑ Duster, Troy "Backdoor to Eugenics". Routledge, 1990
1 2 Donald MacKenzie, "Eugenics in Britain", Social Studies of Science 6(3) (1975): 503.
↑ See generally Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race. In addition to being practiced in a number of countries it was internationally organized through the International Federation of Eugenic Organizations. (Black, p 240) Its scientific aspects were carried on through research bodies such as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics (Black, p 286), the Cold Spring Harbour Carnegie Institution for Experimental Evolution (Black, p 40) and the Eugenics Record Office (Black, p 45). Its political aspects involved successful advocacy for changes of law to pursue eugenic objectives, for instance sterilization laws (e.g. U.S. sterilization laws, (Black, see Chapter 6 The United States of Sterilization)). Its moral aspects included rejection of the doctrine that all human beings are born equal and redefining morality purely in terms of genetic fitness (Black, p 237). Its racist elements included pursuit of a pure "Nordic race" or "Aryan" genetic pool and the eventual elimination of less fit races (see Black, Chapter 5 Legitimizing Raceology and Chapter 9 Mongrelization).
↑ The exact definition of eugenics has been a matter of debate since the term was coined. In the definition of it as a "social philosophy" -- that is, a philosophy with implications for social order -- is not meant to be definitive, and is taken from "Development of a Eugenic Philosophy" by Frederick Osborn in American Sociological Review, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Jun., 1937), pp. 389–397.
↑ See for example EMBO Reports, European Molecular Biology Organization "In the name of science – the role of biologists in Nazi atrocities: lessons for today's scientists" EMBO Reports Vol 2 No 10 2001, pp 871 et seq which discusses eugenics and its culmination in Nazi atrocities. It concludes, "It was scientists who interpreted racial differences as the justification to murder... It is the responsibility of today's scientists to prevent this from happening again."
↑ See for example, Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race
↑ Article 2 of the Convention defines genocide as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such:(a) Killing members of the group;(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.See Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
↑ Galton, Francis (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. London: Macmillan. tr. 199.
↑ Margaret Sanger, quoted in Katz, Esther; Engelman, Peter (2002). The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. tr. 319. ISBN9780252027376. Our...campaign for Birth Control is not merely of eugenic value, but is practically identical in ideal with the final aims of Eugenics Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
↑ Franks, Angela (2005). Margaret Sanger's eugenic legacy. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. tr. 30. ISBN978-0-7864-2011-7. ...her commitment to eugenics was constant...until her death
↑ Gordon, Linda (2002). The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America. University of Illinois Press. tr. 196. ISBN0252027647.
↑ Keynes, John Maynard (1946). “Opening remarks: The Galton Lecture, 1946. The Eugenics Review, vol 38, no. 1, pp. 39–40”. The Eugenics Review38 (1): 39–40.
1 2 Okuefuna, David. “Racism: a history”. BBC.co.uk. BBC. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 14 tháng 12 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 12 năm 2007.
↑ Deborah Barrett and Charles Kurzman. Oct., 2004. Globalizing Social Movement Theory: The Case of Eugenics. Theory and Society, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 505
↑ Science, New Series, Vol. 57, No. 1463 (Jan.ngày 1 tháng 12 năm 1923), p. 46
↑ Sales Augusto dos Santos and Laurence Hallewell. Jan., 2002. Historical Roots of the "Whitening" of Brazil. Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 1, Brazil: The Hegemonic Process in Political and Cultural Formation, pp. 81
↑ McLaren, Angus. 1990. Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885–1945. McClelland and Steward Inc. Toronto.
↑ A discussion of the shifting meanings of the term can be found in Diane Paul, Controlling human heredity: 1865 to the present (New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1995). ISBN 1-57392-343-5.
↑ See Chapter 3 in Donald A. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865–1930: The social construction of scientific knowledge (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981).
↑ Larson 2004, tr. 179 "Galton coined the word "eugenics" in his 1883 book, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development.
↑ See Chapters 2 and 6 in MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain.
↑ Keynes, John Maynard (1946). “Opening remarks: The Galton Lecture”. Eugenics Review 38 (1): 39–40.
1 2 3 Porter, Dorothy (1999). “Eugenics and the sterilization debate in Sweden and Britain before World War II”. Scandinavian Journal of History 24: 145–62. ISSN0346-8755. doi:10.1080/03468759950115773.
↑ Bruce, Robert V. (1990). Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude. Cornell University Press. tr. 410; 417. ISBN0801496918.
1 2 The connections between U.S. and Nazi eugenicists is discussed in Edwin Black, "Eugenics and the Nazis – the California connection", San Francisco Chronicle (ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2003), as well as Black's War Against the Weak (New York: Four Wars Eight Windows, 2003). Stefan Kühl's work, The Nazi connection: Eugenics, American racism, and German National Socialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), is considered the standard scholarly work on the subject.
↑ Paul Lombardo, "Eugenic Sterilization Laws", essay in the Eugenics Archive, available online at Eugenicsarchive.org.
↑ Quoted in Selgelid, Michael J. 2000. Neugenics? Monash Bioethics Review 19 (4):9–33
↑ The Nazi eugenics policies are discussed in a number of sources. A few of the more definitive ones are Robert Proctor, Racial hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988) and Dieter Kuntz, ed., Deadly medicine: creating the master race (Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2004) (online exhibit). On the development of the racial hygiene movement before National Socialism, see Paul Weindling, Health, race and German politics between national unification and Nazism, 1870–1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
↑ "Holocaust", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009: "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II... The Nazis also singled out the Roma (Gypsies). They were the only other group that the Nazis systematically killed in gas chambers alongside the Jews."
↑ See Proctor, Racial hygiene, and Kuntz, ed., Deadly medicine.
↑ Glad, John (2006). Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century. Hermitage Publishers. ISBN1557791546. I would like to add a comment to Dr. Glad's clear and decisive puncturing of the balloon of myths surrounding the Nazi perversion of eugenics. (For that matter, they also claimed to be a party of socialism!) If we define eugenics as encompassing programs of human betterment, physical as well as mental, practices that benefit community in the local sense as well as the species in general, we can say that the Holocaust was the antithesis of eugenic practice.
↑ Dikotter, Frank (1998). Imperfect Conceptions: Medical Knowledge, Birth Defects, and Eugenics in China. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN0231113706.
↑ Dikotter, Frank (1992). The Disourse of race in modern China. London: C. Hurst, Stanford University Press, Hong Kong University Press.
↑ A discussion of the general changes in views towards genetics and race after World War II is: Elazar Barkan, The retreat of scientific racism: changing concepts of race in Britain and the United States between the world wars (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
↑ See Broberg and Nil-Hansen, ed., Eugenics And the Welfare State and Alexandra Stern, Eugenic nation: faults and frontiers of better breeding in modern America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005)
